1. It is clear Jesus – who we might refer to by his
historical name, Joshua ben Joseph – was a true spiritual teacher.
2. Jesus seems to have been familiar with esotericism
and mysticism (these are my terms not his), strands of which have existed in
Judaism throughout its history.
3. Jesus spent many years in contemplation and
withdrawal; we see this alluded to briefly in the Gospels, where Jesus was in
the “wilderness” and when he is a student of John the Baptist.
4. Jesus and John the Baptist were likely connected to
a group in ancient Judea called the Essenes. We would associate the Essenes
with asceticism, the contemplative life, and the mystery religions today. The
Essenes believed in a life of retreat into the wilderness and the practice of
the inner life.
5. When he began his ministry, Jesus’ teaching was
fundamentally given “underground.” He preferred to teach directly a limited
number of disciples (who in history we call the “twelve apostles”). Beyond this
we don’t know his precise teaching or much about these disciples.
6. When Jesus does have contact with the public, he
preferred to teach in parables, or symbolic stories.
*There are many examples of Christ’s esotericism in
the Gospels, but let’s look at one occasion when he speaks to the apostles: “To
you [my direct students, the apostles] it has been granted to know the
mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but to them [the public] it has not been
granted.”
*This is overall a very prudent approach for one
teaching these topics; as their niceties are hard to understand, and it is easy
to be misunderstood or misconstrued.
7. There is a great deal of mythologization about
Jesus; some of this is based on symbols communicating important truths, while
some is fiction.
8. It is very difficult to know exactly what Jesus
said or taught and we must make our best guesses at it. There was likely a list
of aphorisms (sayings) of Jesus compiled early on that was the most authentic source
of his teaching; this work likely influenced the Gospel writers.
9. The Christian Gospels are clearly revealed texts,
written under religious inspiration. They are dense, rich texts which
communicate important and essential truths about spirituality and human nature.
10. At the same time, the Gospels have many
eccentricities, and are imperfect texts, as all revealed texts are. We may
distill the essential element out of them and appreciate them, but should also
subject them to criticism.
11. The Gospels were written a minimum of 50 years
after the death of Jesus, and it is probable none of the authors had direct
contact with Christ himself.
12. Here are a few areas which I have been suspicious of
over the years.
*Miracles
In the period of the Roman Empire during which the
Gospels were written, a trope existed in which the ability of spiritual
teachers was proved by their demonstration of spiritual powers. In the East, a “siddhi”
is the term for a spiritual power a holy person or saint might manifest. In the
Gospels, there is the interesting term “dynamikos” (power) which is alluded to
at times when Christ performs the miracles.
There are other writings from around this same era of
magicians and thaumaturgists (miracle-workers) who work similar wonders as
Jesus. Most of these figures have been forgotten to time. It is interesting
that the true teacher Jesus was the one whose account remained, and became a
prevailing force.
I think these miracles are partly based on authentic
manifestations that sometimes happen to spiritual seekers (the charisms), and
are partly exaggerations, mythologizations, and fictions used to “prove” the
attainment of Christ.
*The Son of God
This is one I am relatively certain of. When
participating in a modern Christian mass, Jesus is referred to as the (singular) “Son of God.” There is a
whole teaching in Christian dogma today about this, linking Jesus as “the” Son
to a “God the Father” and a “Holy Ghost.”
This seems to be a misunderstanding of the Essene
teaching of the “ben Elohim” (sons of God). Jesus seems to have referred to
himself as one of the sons of God
(plural), with the idea being that anyone
could become a son of God if they followed his teaching. This line of
reasoning also elucidates the teaching of the early church fathers, the idea “God
became man that man might become god.” This teaching is sometimes called the
idea of deification or divinization (theosis).
Christian teaching often posits that Christ had two
natures, divine and human. Based on the above, it follows that all men can realize this possibility,
and become fully divine and fully human like
Christ.
*Jesus of Nazareth
This is one I am not as certain of, but have been
suspicious of over the years. The idea Jesus originates in the town of Nazareth
has been questioned by scholars and archaeologists. So, one alternative is “the
Nazorean” or “of Nazareth” is a mistranslation of the correct “Nazirite.” The
Nazirites were a sect of the Essenes, which would clarify more of Jesus’
origins.
*The Virgin Mary
Here I must admit I have never been a big fan of the
cult of Mary, though over the past years I have in some ways been altering my
perspective. Christian teaching says that Jesus’ mother “was born without original
sin” and that she conceived Jesus without having had sexual relations: that
Christ’s birth was of a virgin.
I feel that this is very clear mythologization, and we
can find analogues of virgin birth in the religions and mythologies that were
contemporary to the Gospels.
One problem with Mary is beyond her motherhood and
holiness, we don’t know much about her. This has been an obstacle of mine in
appreciating her as a spiritual figure. Perhaps it is that Mary was a holy
woman, who also gave birth to a son who went on to become a holy man. Yet there
is also evidence against this in the Gospels; for instance, the scene when
Christ is teaching in the synagogue and Mary calls out, “He is out of his mind!”
This brief scene in the past suggested to me that his mother was a worldly
woman, unaware of the true nature of her son.
Orthodox Errors
While these would be very “bold” pronouncements to
make in a conventional theological context, these are my main issues with
Christian dogma.
*Physical Resurrection
The Resurrection of Christ is one of the most
important parts of the Christian Gospels. The earliest Gospel (Mark) has an
ending in which the disciples go to the tomb and find it empty; then the Gospel
ends ambiguously. The two next Gospels have Jesus’ appearances to the disciples
(which might be construed as intuitions or spiritual communications). However,
by the time of the last Gospel (John), this return is now a full bodily
resurrection, with Thomas famously touching Christ’s wounds.
This narrative has led to the modern teaching that
Christ’s promise is of physical resurrection as opposed to spiritual
resurrection. Unfortunately, I find this flawed and do not see any reason for a
return to the physical body.
*Redemption Theology
This doctrine is a major pillar of all modern branches
of Western Christianity, and one I have a problem with. While this dogma does
reconcile Christ’s martyrdom, suffering, and death with the larger narrative of
the Bible, I do not feel it is an appropriate interpretation.
This teaching usually goes something along the lines
of this. “Man has original sin due to Adam; so, God sends Christ to suffer and
die, and by doing so he ‘redeems’ the sin of mankind.”
I find this a very simpleminded understanding of
Christ’s death, and an unnecessary one. Here I do feel the Eastern churches
have been better at maintaining their integrity, as they have left many of
these events open-ended for the individual to discern as “mysteries,” as
opposed to giving easy canned narratives to preach to the public from the
pulpit.
Teachings of Christ
Here are the four major tenets I get from careful
study of the Gospels.
I. Metanoia
The call for the complete transformation or conversion
of man to conformity with truth or God.
II. The Beatitudes
The teaching of the themes of universal love and
acceptance.
III. The redemptive power of suffering
The teaching that suffering ennobles or elevates man.
IV. Christ’s conquest of death
The meaning of the Resurrection: that eternal life is
possible for man.